The Social Structure Of Science - 879 Words

Because the communication of findings, necessary in the social structure of science, imparts validity challenges to the work there needs to be means by which the scientist can facilitate both communication and validation of the work. This, I suggest, is achieved through the documentation of the scientific process via specific techniques that serve to create both a simulated direct observation and a perceived replicability. Logical positivism, as a form of empiricism, links the validity of a scientific finding with direct experience by asserting that â€Å"experience is the only source of meaning, as well as the only source of knowledge† (Godfrey-Smith, 2003, p. 27) and therefore the only means of verification of a claim. Given that written communication necessary violates the assumption of direct experience other means of establishing this experience become necessary. In the sections that follow, I will highlight two means by which the scientific article asserts objectivity through both simulated direct observation and perceived replicability. The objectivity and replicability established though these means in turn allows for the validation the scientific claim despite the distance created in its communication. The structure of scientific writing The modern day journal article is widely believed to have it origins in the reports of scientific investigations of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century, specifically those of Robert Boyle. Day (1989) however credits theShow MoreRelatedReflection On Subjective Judgment On The Nature Of The Social Structure Of Science800 Words   |  4 Pagesproduction, and that acknowledging this will make for greater objectivity in science. She questions the basis for a distinction between the context of discovery and justification. If the context of justification is a myth, then it doesn t make sense to speak about the accuracy of data. If it doesn t make sense to speak about the accuracy of data, then it doesn t make sense to propose a normative philosophy of science based on accuracy. What is need is a better bias. This better bias willRead MoreSocial Class Structures During 19th Century France : Impacted By Science And Technology Essay2252 Words   |  10 PagesSocial Class Struct ures in 19th Century France: Impacted by Science and Technology After the introduction of new science and technology in France, a transformation of the social class structure of the 19th century occurred. The idea that this novel science and technology made a significant impact, the cause for the transformation, on social class structures after the Industrial Revolution in France is debatable. The mere thought that science and technology having any negative impact would be harshRead MoreThe Normative Structure Of Science941 Words   |  4 PagesIn his essay â€Å"The Normative Structure of Science,† originally published in 1949 and later anthologized in The Sociology of Science in 1973, the sociologist Robert Merton claimed that science was inherently a social act. He did so by contending that scientists were dependent on a social structure and as such were bound by what he termed the â€Å"ethos of science† (Merton, 1973, p. 268). These ethos represent the internalized values and norms that form the scientific conscience. Includ ed in these ethosRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Its Effects On Society778 Words   |  4 Pagesexample heterosexual couples and their children is periodic pattern in social world. Human agency yields human structure because it is reliant on society satisfying their roles in order to continue their old-style family structure/ education system. Associations between institutions on how non-media social structures (government/economy) affect media industry and vice versa. Relationships inside organizations on how structure of media industry effect media personnel and circuitously media productsRead MoreSociology : Social Science And Sociology1386 Words   |  6 PagesComte,1838 Cours de philosophie Positive] by Comte in 1838. The social forces, however, were complicated actually, which included both social, economical, cultural and even a little bit of political or religious elements. This essay explains these factors in the following part. 2.1 Social Science and Sociology The philosophes found that what the Bible said could not be taken for granted and began to highlight to learn the secular science to know deeply about human nature during the period of the EnlightenmentRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Social Science1076 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore the philosophy of social science of which he categorises into four modes. He attempted to seek for the acceptable compromises between all and each mode to define a better way of understanding the social world. Hollis clearly states that the key task of this book is to reflect on the underlying philosophy of social science through the critical examination of the theory and methodology in each approach. Some of the key questions are; whether the study of social science can use the same methodRead MoreStructural Constraint Is Regulation That Limits Agency ( Intentional Undetermined Human Action, What You Might Or Might773 Words   |  4 Pagesexample heterosexual couples and their children is recurring pattern i n social world. Human agency produces human structure because it is dependent on society fulfilling their roles in order to continue their traditional family structure/ education system. Relationships between institutions on how non-media social structures (government/economy) affect media industry and vice versa. Relationships within institutions on how structure of media industry effect media personnel and indirectly media productsRead MoreAn Sociological Study And What We Call Sociological Imagination Essay736 Words   |  3 Pageslives, he lives in a moral paralysis without fully accept that life affects you, it affects society because both are considered together. Our time is characterized by malaise and indifference, lack of values ​​and feel threatened. The task of the social scientist is to clarify the elements of contemporary uneasiness and indifference. Today the information exceeds the capacity of assimilation, and mental quality that helps to use that information and to develop reason is needed, which is the basisRead MoreDeveloping Instructional Practices For Students With Specific Learning Disabilities Case Study1280 Words   |  6 PagesStudents with Specific Learning Disabilities Part One How to Support Students with Specific Learning Disabilities The research-based instructional practices for supporting students with reading, mathematics, and language disabilities in the science and social studies content areas throughout elementary school include concept maps, self-questioning strategy, SQ3R strategy, problem-solving strategy, modified reciprocal teaching strategy and K–W–L strategy. Concept maps are forms of graphic organizersRead MoreProject Is Focussed On The Exploitation Of Alm1651 Words   |  7 Pageslimitations of the two concepts. Founded by Bhaskar through a combination of transcendental realism (Bhaskar, 1975) and critical naturalism (Bhaskar, 1998), critical realism provides an interface between the two predominant approaches within the sciences. As stated, Bhaskar is seen as the founding father of critical realism but it wasn’t until later in its development that other scholars termed the concept ‘critical realism’. Critical realism (made up of transcendental realism and critical naturalism)

Evolution of Species - 682 Words

In a world of mass diversity, we are surrounded by endless forms of life, most beautiful, most wonderful. In the words of Charles Darwin, â€Å"It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change†. From all the ends of the Earth, there is a wide spectrum of beings from all the six kingdoms of all living things (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria) that are the product of millions of years of evolution – â€Å"the greatest show on earth† (David Attenborough). The icon of the Arctic, the polar bear is a tribute to the theories of evolution by natural selection that have been created by many scientists, specifically; Charles Darwin, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Alfred Russel Wallace, Ernst Haekel and Theodosius Dobzhansky. This report will elaborate on the evolution of the polar bear or Ursus Maritimus over hundreds of thousands of years. The analysis of the DNA of a distinct population of brown bears inhabiting Alaska’s ABC Islands (Admiralty, Baranof and Chichagof) approximately 1,450km south of the nearby polar bear habitat, revealed that the ABC bears were even more closely linked to polar bears genetically than they were to other brown bears. Polar bears are believed to have diverged from a population of brown bears that became isolated during a period of glaciation in the Pleistocene. (DeMaster, Douglas P.; Stirling, Ian (8 May 1981). Ursus Maritimus. Mammalian Species 145 (145): 1–7).Show MoreRelatedTheories on Evolution of Species1068 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Evolution? It â€Å"is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ancestors† [1]. Many great scientists have developed theories to answer the question, â€Å"Where did life, and human beings, come from?† Two major theories of evolution that still exist, and valid today are Charles Darwin’s the ory, and Lamarck’s theory. These two theories have many differences, but attempt to explain evolution. Charles Robert Darwin, was a naturalist, who proposed one of the most renowned theoriesRead MoreThe Evolution Of Human Species Essay2275 Words   |  10 Pagesgreat progress in discovering all of the different kinds of human species. The discovery of a certain early human species, Australopithecus afarensis was initially credited to the finding of a single individual, AL 288-1, or â€Å"Lucy.† She has helped anthropologists to understand the diet, anatomy, environment, sexual dimorphism, the technology or tools used during their time, and bipedalism of this early hominin species. The evolution of humans is interesting due to the questions we are trying to findRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Human Species950 Words   |  4 PagesThe human species have been able to overcome many obstacles. The key to man’s success is based off its ability to adapt. These instincts helped them to survive the perilous ice age. Homo Sapiens learned how to change and adjust to severe climates . Man’s mobility and adaptability were the two features that kept the early man alive. Many people say, â€Å"The fact that these early hominids survived at all was a miracle†. Within these hospitable conditions, it was their ultimate survival weapon to preserveRead MoreThe Evolution Of Species Extinction818 Words   |  4 Pages most of the species (both flora and fauna) are under serious threat from direct and indirect human activities; while the direct activities such as deforestation leads to species habitat fragmentation and loss, on the other hand modifies climatic conditions coupled with gas emissions. The synergistic impact of these human driven activities questions the survivability of organisms in the morphed climatic environments. At one level fragmented habitats increase intra and inter species competitions,Read MoreThe Theory Of Evolution And The Origin Of Species1688 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theory of Evolution: â€Å"Grievously Hypothetical† *Ro ugh Draft* First Publicized in Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, The Theory of Evolution has been a widely excepted theory all around the world. According to the Pew Research Center, approximately 60% of all American adults believe in Darwinian evolution (Public s Views on Human Evolution). This is an absurdly large amount of the United States’Read MoreThe Evolution Of The Species Homo Neandertalensis1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe species Homo neandertalensis has been a subject to much debate over history. This species was once thought as one of us. The existent of this species has undergone conversions about their importance and their evolutionary situation. Moreover, the biggest question we ask is what happened to the Neanderthals? Two debates concerning what happened to the Neanderthals have been continuing since the 19th century. One side of the debate believes that they wer e unable to compete with modern humans orRead MoreEvolution And Its Main Contributing Species2441 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction This paper will explore the theory of evolution and its main contributing species. The Australopithecus is the most primitive common ancestor between humans and apes. Though its contributions to evolution were few, it was still a vital part in evolution being the first ape-like creatures to be known as related to modern humans. Homo sapiens are the first species that share a genus with modern humans. They are slightly more advanced than Australopithecines. Homo erectus are one of theRead MoreEvolution Of A New Species Of Homo Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pagesskeletal features. It was well suited for life on a densely forested isolated island that would have had a limited food source thus contributing to its small size (Lyras et al., 2008). There is much debate on whether these fossils represent a new species of Homo, whether it is a late survivor of the Homo erectus migration out of Africa, or even be classified within a group of hominids that migrated out of Africa pre-Homo erectus . There are several unique identifying features of H. floresiensis thatRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution Of Species1354 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussion; the origins of species. Prior to Darwin’s studies the discussion of the origin of man was dominated by creationism, or the belief that we derive from god, who created us all in his image. For the next thirty years, Darwin devoted himself to researching the long standing question â€Å"where did we come from?† Darwin became the first scientist to present a supported argument for evolution, with his crowned publication, â€Å"Origins of Species†, describing how all species derived from a common ancestorRead MoreDarwins Ideas of Evolution of the Species and Nature Creation528 Words   |  2 Pagestime because they dealt with the evolution of the species and the natural and gradual creation of new species of long periods of time through the process of natural selection. Prior to Darwin coming onto the scene, it w as very common to accept the idea of a divine Creator who ordered things. However, Darwin started to talk about the idea of chance and variations that occurred naturally due to survival rates and attrition rates of individuals and groups and species over time. So, in other words, Darwin

General Electric Medical Systems Free Essays

1. Q 1. What is the underlying logic behind the global product idea? What are the costs and the benefits that are expected? Global Products Company(GPC) strategy is based on the following underlying logical premises: a. We will write a custom essay sample on General Electric Medical Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Markets for medical equipment are systems are becoming increasingly global in nature. They are no more restricted to only the developed First and Second World countries having advanced healthcare systems. The burgeoning market is that of emerging and developing economies. Thus, there is a need to meet the growing demand for affordable medical equipment in these economies and retain its market leadership b. Needless to say that low-cost leverage is the only way to win a large chunk of this new pie and therefore GEMS has to shift to a cost-efficient strategy c. GEMS realised the potential of tapping production sourcing centres where there was parity in output quality and labour skill-sets but overall cost was much lower. d. The GPC strategy involved sourcing quality components from the most cost-effective suppliers and establishing the manufacturing bases in most cost-effective geographies. e. As most of the GEMS manufacturing involved sourcing complicated components from across the globe to two-three manufacturing/assembling centres and then distributing across the globe from these centres, the challenging aspect of GPC was in the development of intermediaries along the supply chain to ensure un-interrupted supply production flows. The following are some of the costs and benefits of the above mentioned strategy of globalizing production to facilitate a low cost production: Benefits: 1. As materials form 80% of the manufacturing cost, sourcing of materials from low-cost countries would enable a significant amount of saving. The key would be to develop long-term relationships with local suppliers and once that is done, it means unparalleled cost savings in future. 2. Having manufacturing centres in low-cost-labour countries would also enable a substantial cost reduction as labour formed 20% of the manufacturing cost. 3. Now, as labour and materials form almost 85% of the total variable cost, substantial reduction in both would enable GEMS to have a cost reduction to he tune of approximately 30% in the total cost. It has to be noted that the incremental fixed cost in case of GEMS was close to nil (Exhibit 7). Costs: 1. In addition to the fixed costs that had to be incurred additionally to enter into the low-cost countries, other GPC-specific costs included inventory, logistics, documentation, and import- duty costs relating to moving materials and products around the world. 2. Developing a long-standing relationship with new suppliers in these low-cost countries was another area that required considerable allocation of time and effort. . Reducing investments in developed countries, from where bulk of their demand came, meant deteriorating relationship and loss of concessions from these countries. 4. Costs related to hiring less experienced workforce in these new locations, and human toll on the workforce as a result of long trips from home for the employees from both old locations and headquarters. If we analyse GEMS’s strategy mentioned in the body above using the AAA model, we can conclude that it is primarily using the arbitrage strategy of globalization with some elements of aggregation. Q. 2 Should the global product philosophy be changed or altered to suit the China market? Please identify both sides of the argument and take a position explaining the rationale behind your stand. Does it make economic sense? The choice between continuing with the current Global Product Concept(GPC) and adopting â€Å"In China for China† for the low end products is a very difficult call for GE managers. On one hand there are several advantages of adopting â€Å"In China for China† such as: In China there is a huge growth potential for medical diagnostics and as of now it is the world’s third largest market for the same. By adopting â€Å"In China for China†, GEMS can design and customize products according to local needs in China and further the GE managers believe that China being a nationalistic country, domestically produced products will have greater demand than imported ones. There are other factors like low incremental fixed cost for moving facilities to China, avoidance of duties and tariffs, availability of cheaper local labor and low transportation cost all of which would help in cost saving for GEMS. On the other hand in order to adopt â€Å"In China for China† strategy GEMS will have to break the GPC concept which may result in ecreased quality due to lack of readily available skilled labor and reduced cost cutting efficiency. Also the management will have to address the challenge of development of suppliers which may result in inefficiency. GEMS do not have good history of managing joint ventures because of the unethical practices of the partner which eventually lead GEMS a cquiring the partners. As understood from the case there are two different market segments in China namely the high end markets served which is served only through imports and the low end markets which is served through domestic production. The adoption of â€Å"In China for China† strategy will result in the company distancing itself from high end customers which will end up in losing the revenue for the business to high end customers. Considering all these factors we suggest that it is better for GEMS not to adopt â€Å"In China for China† strategy and to stay with Global Product Concept. Q3. Should GEMS be aggressively pursuing genomics and healthcare-IT related opportunities in addition to or instead of the China opportunity? What priorities would you suggest? Explain your reasoning carefully? No doubt, being third largest healthcare market with tremendous growing potential in future, China is a lucrative market that GEMS can’t easily neglect. But at the same time, with the growth of technological advancement in the field of healthcare, genomics and healthcare-IT related products and services going to have an important role in the coming decades and the companies having those expertise will bound to dominate the global healthcare market in future for sure. So we think that GEMS should take both the China opportunity and the genomics and Healthcare –IT related opportunities seriously. We believe that GEMS has the capacity to look at both the opportunities simultaneously obviating the need to sacrifice one for the other. The company’s strong financial condition along with its strong emphasis on RD would help the organization in meeting both the objectives. China Opportunity : But in doing so GEMS should initially put more focus on the China market than the RD on genomics and healthcare-IT projects. Because it is very important for GEMS to catch hold of the China’s market before other competitors like Siemens, Philips. Also the gestation period of genomics and healthcare related projects are too high usually 5-10 years and in such a situation to maintain a good balance sheet GEMS should have a good market share in China. The low end product accounts for 20% of the global sales and to succeed in the low end , presence is Chinese market is a must for any company. Secondly, The China opportunity requires GEMS to shift the production from the other parts of the world to China. The incremental cost associated with that shift in production process is a mere $1 million which should not be an obstacle in GEMS China policy. So GEMS can easily do that without worrying too much about the financial aspects. Genomics and healthcare-IT related opportunities Genomics and preventive health care is going to play a deciding factor in coming decades. But these projects are far more complex than what GEMS did till now. Genomics requires not only technological know-how but also expertise on biomedical science which presently GEMS lacks off. So for better output from these RD, Tie-up with pharmaceutical companies that develop viruses and chemical reagents would help GEMS to understand and increase their expertise on bio medical science. Collaboration with leading universities around the world on researches on topics relevant to these projects would also help GEMS. Funding for these researches, Supplying machines and tools to support those researches would help GEMS in getting good responses from RD teams around the world. So with the steps mentioned above and few modifications to the present system, GEMS can take both the opportunities How to cite General Electric Medical Systems, Papers